Material: High-temperature porcelain or refractory ceramic with embedded resistive coil (usually Ni-Cr wire)
Shape: Tubular/rod or block type
Voltage: Typically 230 V AC (often available 230 V440 V or multi-phase options)
Frequency: 50/60 Hz
Power Range: 100 W up to several kW depending on length and application (e.g., 500 W4000 W common)
ðª Thermal & Performance Specs
Max Operating Temperature: around 400 C 600 C for many general heaters; specialized ceramics can go higher (up to 1200 C+)
Heat Transfer: direct radiative/convective heating; elements can be used in air or immersion (in protective tubes)
Resistance Wire: Nickel-Chromium (NiCr) inside ceramic for stable heat generation